1. Addition polymerization (or) chain growth polymerization: ⇒ The molecules of the same monomer or different monomers add together on a large scale to form a polymer. ⇒ The monomers used are unsaturated compounds. Eg: Alkenes, alkadienes and their derivatives. ⇒ Can take place through the formation of either free radicals or ionic species. Free Read more about Types of Polymerization Reactions[…]
. . . Where, and is known as capacitive reactance i (t) = Im sin (ωt + 90⁰) Instantaneous power p (t) = v(t) i(t) = Vm sinωt Im cos ωt . Average power . Now vector diagrams are drawn below:Hence in a capacitor current leads to voltage by 90° (or voltage lags to currents Read more about Source across Capacitor[…]
Biodegradable polymers are a specific type of polymer that breaks down after its intended purpose to result in natural byproducts such as gases (CO₂, N₂), water, biomass, and inorganic salts. These polymers are found both naturally and synthetically made, and largely consist of ester, amide, and ether functional groups. Their properties and breakdown mechanism are determined by their exact structure. These polymers are often synthesized by condensation reactions, ring opening polymerization, Read more about Bio-degradable Polymers[…]
The applied voltage V divides into three parts, VL (across L), VC (across C) and VR (across R) such that We knowBy KVL, V = VR + j (VL – VC) V = √ (V²R + (VL – VC)²) VL Voltage across Inductor VR Voltage across Resistor VC Voltage across Capacitor The impedance of the Read more about Series LCR Circuit[…]
RMS Value: RMS value is defined on the basis of the heating effect of the waveform. The ac voltage at which heat produced in an ac circuit is equal to heat produced in the dc circuit is called as Vrms, provided both ac circuit ac circuit and dc circuit have equal value of resistance and Read more about RMS Value & Average Value[…]
Lanthanides: Lanthanides consist of elements that follow lanthanum and involve the filling of 4f subshell. Electronic Configuration: [Xe] 4fn+1 5d° 6s2 or [Xe] 4fn 5d1 6s2 The general valence shell electronic configuration of lanthanides is 4f1−146s2. Atomic and Ionic Sizes of Lanthanides: Atomic and ionic radii of lanthanides decrease with an increase in atomic number. This gradual decrease is known as lanthanides contraction. Because Read more about Inner Transition Elements (f – block) – Lanthanoids[…]
Sometimes we are interested to replace a relatively complicated resistor combinations with a single equivalent resistor, especially when we are not interested in the current, Voltage or power associated with any of the individual resistors in the combinations. All the current, voltage and power relationships in the remainder of the circuit will be unchanged. Consider Read more about Resistors in Series and Parallel[…]
Rate is defined as the change in the amount of the substance or concentration of the substance with respect to time. . Let us consider a general reaction, Reactants → Products During the progress of a chemical reaction, Concentration of the reactants are decreases with time and concentration of products increases with time. The following Read more about Rate of a Chemical Reaction[…]
It is the emission of electrons from the surface of certain substances, mainly metals, when they are illuminated by electromagnetic radiations like X-rays, ultraviolet and even visible light. The electrons emitted are called photo electrons. Experiment to Demonstrate Photoelectric Effect: In figure (a) A and C are two zinc plates, connected to positive and negative Read more about Photo Electric Effect[…]
Crystal field theory differs from valence bond theory in viewing the complex as held together by purely electrostatic attractions. That is, it ignores covalent bonding. The most significant aspects of the theory is its concern with the effect that the ligands have on the energies of the d-orbitals of the metal. The ligands are viewed Read more about Crystal Field Theory (CFT)[…]