Inductive Effect: The polarization of σ bond due to electron withdrawing or electron donating effect of adjacent groups or atoms is called inductive effect. Salient features of inductive effect: It arises due to electronegativity difference between two atoms forming a sigma bond. It is transmitted through the sigma bonds. The magnitude of inductive effect decreases while moving Read more about Fundamental Concepts of Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms II[…]

Types of Bond cleavage Homolytic cleavage: Homolytic fission is where each atom of the bond keeps an electron each resulting in species called free radicals. R−X→R∙+X∙ Homolytic cleavage occurs generally in the gas phase or in solution in non-polar Solvents and is catalyzed by ultraviolet light or high temperature of or by radical initiators such as Read more about Fundamental Concepts of Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms I[…]

When mono substituted benzene is subjected to further substitution, di-substituted products are formed. They are Ortho, para and meta. The product which is formed more predominately depends on nature of the substituents already present in the benzene ring. This is known as direct influence of substituents. Ortho and para directing groups: They direct the incoming Read more about Directive influence of functional groups in mono substituted benzene[…]

Acyclic or open chained compounds: Also called aliphatic compounds. Consist of straight or branched compounds. Alicyclic or closed chained compounds: Also called aliphatic cyclic. Carbon atoms are bonded in the form of a ring. Homocyclic – consisting only of carbon atoms joined in the ring. Heterocyclic – consist of atoms other than carbon joined in Read more about Classification of organic compounds[…]

Alkynes: These are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one triple bond between two carbons. General formula is Cn H2n-2,               (n = 2, 3, 4, 5, …). Acetylene is first member Nomenclature and isomerism: The IUPAC name is derived from the IUPAC name of alkanes by replacing ending ‘ane’ by ‘yne’ along with the position of Read more about Alkynes – Nomenclature and isomerism, Structure of acetylene[…]

Quantitative analysis is the determination of the absolute or relative abundance (often expressed as a concentration) of one, several or all particular substance(s) present in a sample. 1. Carbon and Hydrogen: Liebig’s combustion method: A known weight of organic compound is heated with pure and dry cupric oxide in a steam of pure and dry oxygen, Read more about Quantitative Analysis[…]

• Acid rains occur due to presence of oxides of nitrogen & Sulphur in rain water. • Nitric acid & sulphuric acid in the atmosphere dissolve in rain water and come down to earth as acid rain. • The rain water which contains nitric acid and sulphuric acid is called acid rain. • Acid rain Read more about Acid rains[…]

Green House effect: The trapping of the sun’s warmth in a planet’s lower atmosphere, due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet’s surface. Global warming:  Global Warming is the increase of Earth’s average surface temperature due to effect of greenhouse gases, such Read more about Green House Effect & Global Warming[…]

Silicones:  These are organosilicon polymers containing Si-O-Si linkages. These are formed by the hydrolysis of alkyl or aryl substituted chlorosilanes and their subsequent polymerization. The alkyl or aryl substituted chlorosilanes are prepared by the reaction of Grignard reagent and silicon tetrachloride. RMgCl + SiCl4 → R−SiCl3 + MgCl2 2RMgCl + SiCl4 → R2SiCl2 + 2MgCl2 3RMgCl + SiCl4 → R3SiCl + Read more about Compounds of Silicon[…]

Formed due to catenation and pπ-pπ bond formation of carbon. 1. Diamond: Has crystalline lattice Carbon atom undergoes sp3 hybridisation Shape: tetrahedral C-C bond length =  154 pm Hardest substance Uses: Diamond paste is used in polishing Used as abrasive in sharpening hard tools which are used for cutting, grinding etc. Used as a gemstone 2. Read more about Allotropes of Carbon[…]