ELECTRODE POTENTIAL AND STANDARD ELECTRODE POTENTIALS Electrons will flow from the electrode of higher negative charge density to the electrode with lower negative electric charge density. A property closely related to the density of negative electric charge is called the electrode potential. Potential difference between the metal and metal ion in which electrode is Read more about Electrode Potential and Standard Electrode Potentials[…]
1. Vapour pressure of liquid-liquid solutions: Raoult’s Law:- The partial pressure of each component in a binary volatile liquid-liquid solution at a given temperature is equal to the mole fraction of that component in the solution multiplied by the vapour pressure of that component in the pure state at same temperature. PA = [nA/ (nA Read more about Vapor pressure of liquid solutions[…]
Concentrations of the solution can be expressed as 1. Molarity: No: of moles of solute present in one liter solution. Units: mol L¯¹ Ex: 0.5 M ethanol means 0.5 moles of ethanol dissolved in one liter. 2. Mass percentage (w/w) = Ex: a solution of 20% salt in water by mass means: 20g of salt + Read more about Concentrations of the Solution[…]
Osmosis: ⇒ The movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane (kept between a pure solvent and its solution) from pure solvent to solution is osmosis. ⇒ The movement of solvent molecules continues till equilibrium is reached. ⇒ Solvent molecules move from lower concentration solution to higher concentration solution. Osmotic pressure: ⇒ The excess pressure Read more about Osmosis & Osmotic pressure[…]
Properties of solution that depend on the ratio of no: of solute particles to the total no: of particles in the solution. 1. Relative lowering of vapour pressure: ⇒ Vapour pressure of solvent in solution is less than that of pure solvent. According to Raoult’s law PA = XA x P°A ⇒ So the reduction Read more about Colligative Properties[…]
It is the ratio between the radius of cation to radius of anion. Radius Ratio = rc/ ra Depending on this we can say the shape of the 1:1 type ionic compounds and also the coordination number. Sl. No Co-ordination Number Radius Ratio Shape 1 2 > 0.155 2 3 0.155 to 0.225 3 4 Read more about Radius Ratio[…]
Crystal structures are studied by x-ray diffraction method. It is due to the interatomic differences and interplanar distances in a crystal are in the range of wavelength of x-rays. Only in the case of x-rays diffraction is possible. Path difference = BC + CD = AC sinθ + AC sinθ = d sinθ + d Read more about Bragg’s Equation[…]
Defects in Non-Stoichiometric Compounds: The compounds in which the ratio between numbers of anions to number of anions is not equal to ratio indicated by the formula. Metal Excess Defect Metal Deficiency Defect. a. Metal Excess Defect: In these compounds there is an excess of cations along with the electrons occurs. 1. Anion Vacancy: ⇒ Read more about Imperfections in Solids – I[…]
Defects in Crystals: In a perfect crystal all the particles are present at their respective positions. However, no crystal is perfect, every crystal is associated with some deviations. These deviations are called defects (or) imperfections. These are mainly two types. Stoichiometric defects Non- Stoichiometric defects Stoichiometric defects: The compounds in which ratio between number of Read more about Imperfections in Solids[…]
Crystal System: There are 230-crystal forms 32-point groups 7- Crystal systems 14- Bravais Lattice There are seven types of unit cell formed. These are Cubic, Tetragonal, Orthorhombic, Monoclinic, Hexagonal, Rhombohedral or Trigonal and Triclinic. The 7 crystal systems can be remembered as C T O M T R H Crystal System Relation between a, b, Read more about Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells I[…]