Concentrations of the solution can be expressed as 1. Molarity: No: of moles of solute present in one liter solution. Units: mol L¯¹ Ex: 0.5 M ethanol means 0.5 moles of ethanol dissolved in one liter. 2. Mass percentage (w/w) = Ex: a solution of 20% salt in water by mass means: 20g of salt + Read more about Concentrations of the Solution[…]
⇒ Generally matter expands on heating and contracts on cooling. In case of water, it expands on heating if its temperature is greater than 4°C. In the range 0°C to 4°C, water contracts on heating and expands on cooling, i.e. g is negative. This behaviour of water in the range from 0°C to 4°C is Read more about Anomalous Expansion of Water[…]
Osmosis: ⇒ The movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane (kept between a pure solvent and its solution) from pure solvent to solution is osmosis. ⇒ The movement of solvent molecules continues till equilibrium is reached. ⇒ Solvent molecules move from lower concentration solution to higher concentration solution. Osmotic pressure: ⇒ The excess pressure Read more about Osmosis & Osmotic pressure[…]
Case i: Three vessel have different shapes, but the same base area and the same weight when empty. They are filled with water to the same level.a) Are the water pressure at the bottom of the each vessel are same? If not, which is larger and which is smaller? Solution: As, P = Patm + Read more about Hydrostatic Paradox[…]
Properties of solution that depend on the ratio of no: of solute particles to the total no: of particles in the solution. 1. Relative lowering of vapour pressure: ⇒ Vapour pressure of solvent in solution is less than that of pure solvent. According to Raoult’s law PA = XA x P°A ⇒ So the reduction Read more about Colligative Properties[…]
In order to describe the motion of a fluid, in principle one might apply Newton’s laws to a particle (a small volume element of fluid) and follow its progress in time. This is difficult approach. Instead, we consider the properties of the fluid, such as velocity pressure, at fixed points in space. In order to Read more about Equation of Continuity[…]
It is the ratio between the radius of cation to radius of anion. Radius Ratio = rc/ ra Depending on this we can say the shape of the 1:1 type ionic compounds and also the coordination number. Sl. No Co-ordination Number Radius Ratio Shape 1 2 > 0.155 2 3 0.155 to 0.225 3 4 Read more about Radius Ratio[…]
Monatomic gas: Using the law of equiportition of energy the average energy of molecule at temperature Total internal energy of a gas is Cv [Monatomic gas] = For an ideal gas. CP – CV = R CP = J/2 R Ratio of specific heats. Diatomic gases: Total internal energy [law of equiportition of energy] . Read more about Specific heat capacity[…]
Crystal structures are studied by x-ray diffraction method. It is due to the interatomic differences and interplanar distances in a crystal are in the range of wavelength of x-rays. Only in the case of x-rays diffraction is possible. Path difference = BC + CD = AC sinθ + AC sinθ = d sinθ + d Read more about Bragg’s Equation[…]
There are two main types of thermodynamic processes: the reversible and irreversible. The reversible process is the ideal process which never occurs, while the irreversible process is the natural process that is commonly found in the nature. Introduction: When the system undergoes a change from its initial state to the final state, the system is Read more about Reversible and Irreversible Processes[…]