The diazonium salts have the general formula RN⁺₂X⁻ where R stands for an aryl group and X– ion may be Cl⁻, Br⁻, HSO⁻₄, BF⁻₄ etc. Primary aliphatic amines form highly unstable alkyldiazonium salts. Primary aromatic amines form arenediazonium salts which are stable for a short time in solution at low temperatures (273 – 278 K). Read more about Diazonium Salts[…]
1. Reduction of nitro compounds Reactants: Nitro compounds Reagent: H2 in the presence of finely divided nickel, palladium or platinum Product: Amines Reactants: Nitro compounds Reagent: Metals in acidic medium. Reduction with iron scrap and hydrochloric acid is preferred because FeCl2 formed gets hydrolysed to release hydrochloric acid during the reaction. Thus, only a small Read more about Preparation of Amines[…]
Definition: ⇒ The particles in nucleus of a cell, responsible for heredity, are called chromosomes which are made up of proteins and nucleic acids. ⇒ Nucleic acids are long chain polymers of nucleotides, so they are also called polynucleotides. ⇒ Examples: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) & Ribonucleic acid (RNA). Chemical Composition of Nucleic Acids: ⇒ Each Read more about Nucleic Acids[…]
1. Addition polymerization (or) chain growth polymerization: ⇒ The molecules of the same monomer or different monomers add together on a large scale to form a polymer. ⇒ The monomers used are unsaturated compounds. Eg: Alkenes, alkadienes and their derivatives. ⇒ Can take place through the formation of either free radicals or ionic species. Free Read more about Types of Polymerization Reactions[…]
Biodegradable polymers are a specific type of polymer that breaks down after its intended purpose to result in natural byproducts such as gases (CO₂, N₂), water, biomass, and inorganic salts. These polymers are found both naturally and synthetically made, and largely consist of ester, amide, and ether functional groups. Their properties and breakdown mechanism are determined by their exact structure. These polymers are often synthesized by condensation reactions, ring opening polymerization, Read more about Bio-degradable Polymers[…]
Lanthanides: Lanthanides consist of elements that follow lanthanum and involve the filling of 4f subshell. Electronic Configuration: [Xe] 4fn+1 5d° 6s2 or [Xe] 4fn 5d1 6s2 The general valence shell electronic configuration of lanthanides is 4f1−146s2. Atomic and Ionic Sizes of Lanthanides: Atomic and ionic radii of lanthanides decrease with an increase in atomic number. This gradual decrease is known as lanthanides contraction. Because Read more about Inner Transition Elements (f – block) – Lanthanoids[…]
Rate is defined as the change in the amount of the substance or concentration of the substance with respect to time. . Let us consider a general reaction, Reactants → Products During the progress of a chemical reaction, Concentration of the reactants are decreases with time and concentration of products increases with time. The following Read more about Rate of a Chemical Reaction[…]
Crystal field theory differs from valence bond theory in viewing the complex as held together by purely electrostatic attractions. That is, it ignores covalent bonding. The most significant aspects of the theory is its concern with the effect that the ligands have on the energies of the d-orbitals of the metal. The ligands are viewed Read more about Crystal Field Theory (CFT)[…]
Reaction between two different halogens Types: XX’, XX’3, XX’5 and XX’7 X – Halogen of larger size, more electropositive X’- Halogen of smaller size Preparation: Direct combination. Product depends on the concentrations of the reactants. Cl₂ + F₂ → 2ClF Cl₂ + 3F₂ → 2ClF₃ Properties: Covalent molecules Diamagnetic Volatile solids/liquids {except ClF which is Read more about Interhalogen Compounds[…]
⇒ The oxoacids of sulphur are more numerous and more important than those of Se and Te. ⇒ Many of the oxoacids of sulphur do not exist as free acids, but are known as anions and salts. ⇒ Acids ending in ous have S in the oxidation state (+IV) and form salts in -ite. ⇒ Read more about Oxoacids of Sulphur[…]