Qualitative chemical analysis deals with the identification of elements or grouping of elements present in a sample. Detection of Carbon and Hydrogen: Carbon and hydrogen are detected by heating the compound with copper (II) oxide. Carbon present in the compound is oxidised to carbon dioxide (tested with lime-water, which develops turbidity). C + 2CuO → 2Cu + CO₂ CO₂ Read more about Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds[…]
1. Manometer: A manometer is a tube open at both the ends and bent into the shape of a “U” and is partially filled with mercury. When one end of the tube is subjected to an unknown pressure p, the mercury level drops on that side of the tube and rises on the other so Read more about Pressure Measuring Devices[…]
Physical properties: Physical properties are smaller to alkenes and alkanes. First three are gases, next eight are liquids and higher ones are solids. These are insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents. Chemical properties: a) Acidic character of acetylene: Acetylene reacts with sodamide to form sodium acetylide with liberation of hydrogen gas. HC ≡ Read more about Properties & Acidic Character of Acetylene, Addition Reactions- of Hydrogen, Halogen, Hydrogen Halides and Water[…]
1) Consider a vessel containing a fluid. Let the acceleration of vessel in vertical direction be, ay. Consider a small cylindrical element dy at a height y from bottomFrom figure, P₁ A – P₂A – mg = may P₁ A – P₂A = m (g + ay) But (P₁ – P₂) A2 = A dy (g Read more about Pressure in case of Accelerating Fluid[…]
The rules are summarized as follows: 1. Select the longest continuous chain containing the carbon atom having functional group(s). 2. The numbering of atoms in the parent chain is done in such a way that carbon atom bearing the functional group gets the lowest number. 3. It two or more same functional groups are present, Read more about IUPAC Rules for Naming Organic Compounds Containing One or More Functional Groups[…]
In order to express quantitative magnitudes only approximately, the concept of order-of-magnitude is often employed. For example, the height of a small insect, say an ant, might be 8 x 10¯⁴ m ≈ 10¯³. We would say that the order of magnitude of the height of an ant is 10¯³m. Similarly, though the height Read more about Order of Magnitude Calculations[…]
These are saturated hydrocarbons i.e., contain all single C – C bonds and only C and H atoms. 1. Naming straight chain hydrocarbons: Prefix: indicates the number of carbons Suffix: ‘-ane’ 2. Branched chain alkanes: Identify the longest carbon chain Number the carbons in the parent carbon chain such that the substituents get minimum numbers If two Read more about Nomenclature of organic compounds: Naming Alkanes[…]
Generally, the result of an experiment is obtained by doing mathematical operations on several measurements. Obviously, the final error depends not only upon the errors in individual measurements but also on the nature of mathematical operations. Following are the rules for combination of errors. (a) Errors in a Sum or Difference: Let there be two Read more about Combination or Propagation of Errors[…]
Method of naming organic compounds developed by IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry). It’s called IUPAC system of nomenclature. Naming the organic compounds: Identify the parent chain Identify the functional group Accordingly add prefixes or suffixes. So IUPAC name of any organic compounds essentially consists of two or three parts. (i) Root Read more about Nomenclature of organic compounds[…]
a) Absolute error: Let a physical quantity A be measured n times and let A₁, A₂, … An be the results of these measurements. If Am is the arithmetic mean of these measurements, then Or … (1) Since the true value of the quantity is now known, we usually take Am to be the true Read more about Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error, Relative Error (Or Percentage Error)[…]