Crystal lattice is the depiction of three dimensional arrangements of constituent particles (atoms, molecules, ions) of crystalline solids as points. Characteristics of crystal lattice: Each constituent particle is represented by one point in a crystal lattice. These points are known as lattice point or lattice site. Lattice points in a crystal lattice are joined together Read more about Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells[…]
No: of atoms per unit cell: Position of Atoms in the Unit Cell Contribution towards One Unit Cell Corners ⅛ Edges ¼ Face centered ½ Body Centered 1 Primitive cell: 8 atoms at corners So no. of atoms per cell = 8 x ⅛ = 1 Body centered: Total atoms at corners = 8 1 Read more about No: of Atoms per Unit Cell[…]
Qualitative chemical analysis deals with the identification of elements or grouping of elements present in a sample. Detection of Carbon and Hydrogen: Carbon and hydrogen are detected by heating the compound with copper (II) oxide. Carbon present in the compound is oxidised to carbon dioxide (tested with lime-water, which develops turbidity). C + 2CuO → 2Cu + CO₂ CO₂ Read more about Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds[…]
Physical properties: Physical properties are smaller to alkenes and alkanes. First three are gases, next eight are liquids and higher ones are solids. These are insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents. Chemical properties: a) Acidic character of acetylene: Acetylene reacts with sodamide to form sodium acetylide with liberation of hydrogen gas. HC ≡ Read more about Properties & Acidic Character of Acetylene, Addition Reactions- of Hydrogen, Halogen, Hydrogen Halides and Water[…]
The rules are summarized as follows: 1. Select the longest continuous chain containing the carbon atom having functional group(s). 2. The numbering of atoms in the parent chain is done in such a way that carbon atom bearing the functional group gets the lowest number. 3. It two or more same functional groups are present, Read more about IUPAC Rules for Naming Organic Compounds Containing One or More Functional Groups[…]
These are saturated hydrocarbons i.e., contain all single C – C bonds and only C and H atoms. 1. Naming straight chain hydrocarbons: Prefix: indicates the number of carbons Suffix: ‘-ane’ 2. Branched chain alkanes: Identify the longest carbon chain Number the carbons in the parent carbon chain such that the substituents get minimum numbers If two Read more about Nomenclature of organic compounds: Naming Alkanes[…]
Method of naming organic compounds developed by IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry). It’s called IUPAC system of nomenclature. Naming the organic compounds: Identify the parent chain Identify the functional group Accordingly add prefixes or suffixes. So IUPAC name of any organic compounds essentially consists of two or three parts. (i) Root Read more about Nomenclature of organic compounds[…]
Preparation methods 1. From calcium carbide: Ethyne is prepared by calcium carbide with water. CaC₂ + 2H₂O → Ca (OH)₂ + C₂H₂ 2. From vicinal dihalides: Vicinal dihalides on treatment with alcoholic potassium hydroxide undergo, dehydrohalogenation one molecule of hydrogen is eliminated to form alkenyl halide which on treatment with sodalime gives alkyne. Some Other General Methods Read more about Methods of Preparation of Acetylene[…]
Isomerism Isomerism is a phenomenon shown by two or more organic compounds having the same molecular formula but different properties due to difference in arrangement of atoms along the carbon skeleton (structural isomerism) or in space (Stereo isomerism) Structural isomerism 1. Chain isomerism: These isomers arise because of the possibility of branching in carbon chains. Read more about Isomerism[…]
Resonance Effect: Resonance effect is defined as the ‘polarity produced in the molecule by the interaction of two πbonds or between a πbond and lone pair of electrons present on an adjacent atom’. It is designated as R or M effect. Now, a resonance effect can be either positive or negative. Look below positive and Read more about Fundamental Concepts of Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms III[…]